Terrorism An Imperative For Economic, Political And...

TERRORISM IN AFRICA; an Imperative for Economic, Political and Military Solutions. The bombings of the United States embassies in Tanzania and Kenya were marked indicators that Africa based terrorist groups were increasing threats to the interests of democratic societies in Africa those of all freedom loving societies the world over. Our policy makers have for long treated the Middle East and Asia as the main battlegrounds in the war on terror. Those regions have been joined by Africa in the aftermath of the Arab revolution which gave rise to regional instability. Could demographic, economic and/or religious forces be fuelling the growth of terrorism in Africa, particularly Nigeria? I would show that the current preferred†¦show more content†¦These groups include the pseudo-Christian ‘Lord’s Resistance Army’ in Uganda, the extremist Islamic ‘Boko Haram’ in Nigeria whose most prominent attacks involved the use of a car bomb to demolish a UN co mpound in 2011 and the kidnapping of hundreds of school girls from a school in northern Nigeria. In the ensuing period the group has killed hundreds of other Nigerians including security personnel as it attempts to impose Sharia law in the mainly Muslim northern part of Nigeria. In Somalia, there is the al-Shabaab militia which has carried out suicide bombings throughout the capital city of Mogadishu and in neighboring countries like Kenya and Uganda. There are the Islamist groups in Mali mostly composed of factions of al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). AQIM conquered and governed a broad swath of northern Mali which it used as a base to plot attacks outside of the country’s border including the attack on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya and on the natural-gas facility in Algeria. Africans have been involved in terror plots in the continental United States an example of which is the militant who tried to bring down a Northwest Airlines flight on Christmas Day in 20 09. The scourge of religion based terrorism in Africa has some common threads running through the affected geographic areas. In Nigeria, which is split between a mainly Muslim North and a Christian and

Sterilization of Water Free Essays

Project Report – Determination of the Dosage of Bleaching Powder Required for Sterilization of Different Samples of Water CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. GENERAL METHODS USED 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Sterilization of Water or any similar topic only for you Order Now THEORY 4. REQUIREMENTS 5. PROCEDURE 6. OBSERVATION TABLES 7. CALCULATIONS 8. RESULT 9. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Water is the major constituent of all living beings. Water necessary to sustain all types of life. The water used for drinking purpose by human beings should full the following conditions : 1. It should be colourless. 2. It should not possess any smell. 3. It should contain any harmful dissolved salts such as nitrates, mercury salts, lead salts. 4. It should not be contain any living organism such as algae, fungus, bacteria etc. Sterilization of Disinfection of Water In order to obtain water for drinking purpose, water is first treated with alum whereby clay and other colloidal particles go precipitated the suspended impurities are then removed by filtration and the clear water obtained is subjected to some suitable treatment to destroy harmful germs and bacteria. These bacteria cause many dangerous disease such as cholera, thyroid, dysentery, tuberculosis, diphtheria etc. The process of killing the harmful bacteria by some suitable treatment of water is called STERILIZATION of DISINFECTION OF WATER. The common sterilizer agents are chlorine, ozone, bleaching powder, potassium per magnate chloramines. Sterilization of water through bleaching powder gives chlorine and if it is in excess, it is harmful for health and causes diseases like chlorawis, unconsciousness etc. So here we determine the exact amount of bleaching powder used of required for the sterilization of given samples of water. General Methods of Sterilizing Water There are many methods of sterilizing water but the best is one which gives sample of water which is totally free from germs. Sometimes potassium per magnate is used to disinfect water but it is not for drinking as it gives red colour and the excess of it is in harmful for health. We use dissolve in water, so it can not be used in large scale. Another method for disinfection is by simply boiling the water for about 15 minutes, but this powder. The chemical action of bleaching powder on germs and bacteria is due to the chlorine which becomes available, when it is added to water. So here in the present context, we shall focus on disinfection of water using bleaching powder. Theory Objective :  Our objective of this project is to determine the amount of bleaching powder required for the sterilization of given samples of water. So certain steps are taken in the context as follows :- 1- A known mass of the given samples of bleaching powder is dissolved in water to prepare a solution of known concentration. This solution contains dissolved chlorine, liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water. CaOCl2  + H2O ——————- Ca(OH)2  + Cl2 – The amount of chlorine present in the above solution is determined by treating a known volume of the above solution with excess of 10% potassium iodide solution, when equivalent amount of iodine is liberated. The iodine, thus liberated is then estimated by titrating it against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate using starch solution as indicator. Cl2  + 2KI â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 2KCl + I2 I2  + 2Na2S2O3  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ Na2S4O6  + 2NaI 3- A known volume of one of the given samples of water is treated with a known volume of bleaching powder solution. The amount of residual chlorines is determined by adding excess potassium iodine solution and then titrating against standard sodium thio-sulphate solution. 4- From the reading in 2 and 3, the amount of chloring and hence bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of the given sample of water can be calculated. Requirements for the Experimental Determination Requirements are as follows : Apparatus : 1. Burette 2. Titration Flask 3. 500 ml measuring flask 4. 100 ml Graduated Cylinder 5. 250 ml Measuring flask 6. 1lt. Measuring flask 7. Glazed Tile 8. Glass Wool. Chemicals : 1. Bleaching powder -5gm. 2. Na2SO4—-12. 4 gm. 3. KI – 25gm. 4. Different Sample of Water 5. Distilled Water 6. Soluble starch – 1gm. 7. Indicator – Starch Solution. Procedure : 1- Preparation of N/20 Na2SO4  solution : Take 12. 4 gm of sodium thio-sulphate hydrated and mix it in about 500ml of water then the mixture is diluted to make the volume 1000ml. or 1lt. Normality = strength/Molecular Mass. = 12. 4 / 248 = 1/20N 2- Preparation of 10%KI solution: Take 25gm. of KI powder and mix it in about 100ml of water then dilute the mixture to make the volume 250 ml and take it in the measuring flask. – Preparation of Bleaching Powder solution : Weight 5gm of bleaching powder and mix it in about 200 ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool in measuring flask of 500ml. and dilute the filtrate with water to make the volume 500 ml. The solution of obtained is 1% bleaching powder of solution. 4- Preparation of starch solution : Take about 1gm of soluble starch and 10 ml of distilled water in a test table mix vigorously to obtain a paste. Pour the paste in about 100ml. of hot water contained in a beaker with constant stirring. Boil the contents for 4-5min. and then allow to cool. 5- Take 100ml. of distilled of water and then 20ml of bleaching powder of solution in a stopper conical flask and add it 20ml of 10% KI solution. Shake the mixture, titrate this solution against N/20 Na2S2O3 Solution taken in burette. When solution in the conical flask becomes light yellow in colour add about 2ml of starch solution as indicator. The solution now becomes blue in colour. The end point is disappearance of blur colour, so continue titrating till the blue colour just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of three readings. – Take 100ml of water sample in a conical flask and add 20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake it and titrates against N/20 Na2S2O3  until the solution become yellow. Then add 2ml of starch solution and then again titrate till the blue colour disappears. Repeat titration for three readings. 7- Repeat the step 6 with other samples of water and records the observation. Observ ation Table Titration : I * Volume of distilled water taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. taken 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 1. ml| 0. 9ml| 7. 7ml| 2. | 0. 9ml| 16. 6ml| 7. 7ml| 3. | 16. 6ml| 24. 0ml| 7. 7ml| Titration : II * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 10. 1 ml. | 16. 2 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | 2. | 16. 2 ml. | 22. 3 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | 3. | 22. 3 ml. | 28. 4 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | Titration : III * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. sed| 1. | 8. 9 ml. | 14. 1 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | 2. | 14. 1 ml. | 19. 3 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | 3. | 19. 3 ml. | 14. 5 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | Tit ration : IV * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 16. 1 ml. | 21. 6 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | 2. | 21. 1 ml. | 27. 1 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | 3. | 27. 1 ml. | 32. 6 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | Calculations : Sample I (TAP WATER) Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water samples I. = (7. 7 – 6. 1) ml of 0. 2 N of Na2S2O3  solution. 1. 6ml. 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder =5/500 = 0. 01gm. 20ml of bleaching powder solution = 7. 7ml of 0. 2N of Na2SO4 So 1ml of Na2S2O3  solution = 20/7. 7 ml of bleaching powder solution. Volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100ml of water = 1. 6 x 20/7. 7ml. 1. 6 x 20/7. 7 ml. of bleaching powder solution =1. 6 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 =  0. 4156 gm Calculations : Sample II (POND WATER) :- Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml o f water. = (7. 7 – 5. 2) ml of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  solution = 2. 5ml 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder = 0. 1 gm. 7. 7ml. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  = 20ml of bleaching powder solution So 1ml of Na2S2O3  = 20ml. of bleaching powder solution. Volume of CaoCl2  solution required to disinfect 100ml of water. = 2. 5 x 20/7. 7 ml. 2. 5 x 20/7. 7 ml. of bleaching powder solution. = 2. 5 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 of bleaching powder Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1 let. of water. = 2. 5 x 20 x 0. 01 x 1000 / 7. 7 x 100 = 25 x 2/7. 7 =  0. 6493 gm. Calculations : Sample III (TANK WATER) :- Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water. = (7. 7 – 5. 5 ) = 2. 2ml of 0. 2 N of Na2S2O3  solutions. ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder. = 5/500 = 0. 01gm 7. 7 ml. of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  = 20ml of bleaching powder solution. so 1ml of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  solution = 20/7. 7 ml volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100ml of water = 2. 2 x 20/7. 7 ml. 2. 2 x 20/7. 7 ml of bleaching powder solution = 2. 2 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 of bleaching powder Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 1 ltr. of water = 2. 2 x 20 x 0. 01 x 1000 / 7. 7 x 100 = 22 x 2/77 =  0. 5714gm Results Amount of the given samples of bleaching powder required to disinfect one liter of water :- Samples I = 0. 4156 Samples II = 0. 6493 Samples III = 0. 5714 Thus we get the amount required for disinfection and if bleaching powder is taken less than this amount water will remain impure and if it taken in excess than this will also be harmful as it will contain chlorine. The results shows that Samples II is the imputes water as the amount of bleaching powder requires is maximum and Sample I is less impure than others as the bleaching powder used is minimum. The tables also show the difference. Titration III has minimum reading because of impurities and titration I has maximum reading because the sample was distilled water. Conclusion : This is the convenient method of sterilizing water. It leaves no impurities and its harmful effect if bleaching powder is taken in right amount. In this way we can calculate the amount of bleaching powder required for any sample of water and then take it in large amount if the water is to be disinfected in large scale as in water works. And thus the only cause of using bleaching powder to disinfect water instead of any other method is this that it kills all germs and bacteria due to its chemical action and provides us a pure sample of water to use for all purpose. How to cite Sterilization of Water, Papers

Lyme Arthritis Essay Example For Students

Lyme Arthritis Essay Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted inflammatory disordercharacterized by an early focal skin lesion, and subsequently a growingred area on the skin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disordermay be followed weeks later by neurological, heart or jointabnormalities. SymptomatologyThe first symptom of Lyme disease is a skin lesion. Known aserythema chronicum migrans, or ECM, this usually begins as a reddiscoloration (macule) or as an elevated round spot (papule). The skinlesion usually appears on an extremity or on the trunk, especially thethigh, buttock or the under arm. This spot expands, often with centralclearing, to a diameter as large as 50 cm (c. 12 in.). Approximately25% of patients with Lyme disease report having been bitten at thatsite by a tiny tick 3 to 32 days before onset of ECM. The lesion may bewarm to touch. Soon after onset nearly half the patients developmultiple smaller lesions without hardened centers. ECM generally lastsfor a few weeks. Other types of lesions may subsequently appear duringresolution. Former skin lesions may reappear faintly, sometimes beforerecurrent attacks of arthritis. Lesions of the mucous membranes do notoccur in Lyme disease. The most common symptoms accompanying ECM, or preceding it by afew days, may include malaise, fatigue, chills, fever, headache andstiff neck. Less commonly, backache, muscle aches (myalgias), nausea,vomiting, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and an enlarged spleen mayalso be present. Most symptoms are characteristically intermittent and changing,but malaise and fatigue may linger for weeks. Arthritis is present in about half of the patients with ECM,occurring within weeks to months following onset and lasting as long as2 years. Early in the illness, migratory inflammation of many joints(polyarthritis) without joint swelling may occur. Later, longerattacks of swelling and pain in several large joints, especially theknees, typically recur for several years. The knees commonly are muchmore swollen than painful; they are often hot, but rarely red. Bakers cysts (a cyst in the knee) may form and rupture. Those symptoms accompanying ECM, especially malaise, fatigue andlow-grade fever, may also precede or accompany recurrent attacks ofarthritis. About 10% of patients develop chronic knee involvement(i.e. unremittent for 6 months or longer). Neurological abnormalities may develop in about 15% of patientswith Lyme disease within weeks to months following onset of ECM, oftenbefore arthritis occurs. These abnormalities commonly last for months,and usually resolve completely. They include:1. lymphocytic meningitis or meningoencephalitis2. jerky involuntary movements (chorea)3. failure of muscle coordination due to dysfunction of thecerebellum (cerebellar ataxia)4. cranial neuritis including Bells palsy (a form of facialparalysis)5. motor and sensory radiculo-neuritis (symmetric weakness, pain,strange sensations in the extremities, usually occurring firstin the legs)6. injury to single nerves causing diminished nerve response(mononeuritis multiplex)7. inflammation of the spinal cord (myelitis). Abnormalities in the heart muscle (myocardium) occur inapproximately 8% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks of ECM. They may include fluctuating degrees of atrioventricular block and,less commonly, inflammation of the heart sack and heart muscle(myopericarditis) with reduced blood volume ejected from the leftventricle and an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly). When Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, the fetus may ormay not be adversely affected, or may contract congenital Lyme Disease. In a study of nineteen pregnant women with Lyme Disease, fourteen hadnormal pregnancies and normal babies. If Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, possible fetalabnormalities and premature birth can occur. EtiologyLyme disease is caused by a spirochete bacterium (BorreliaBurgdorferi) transmitted by a small tick called Ixodes dammini. Thespirochete is probably injected into the victims skin or bloodstreamat the time of the insect bite. After an incubation period of 3 to 32days, the organism migrates outward in the skin, is spread through thelymphatic system or is disseminated by the blood to different bodyorgans or other skin sites. .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .postImageUrl , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:hover , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:visited , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:active { border:0!important; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:active , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Imported Cars EssayLyme Disease was first described in 1909 in European medicaljournals. The first outbreak in the United States occurred in theearly 1970s in Old lyme, Connecticut. An unusually high incidence ofjuvenile arthritis in the area led scientists to investigate andidentify the disorder. In 1981, Dr. Willy Burgdorfer identified thebacterial spirochete organism (Borrelia Burgdorferi) which causes thisdisorder. Affected PopulationLyme Disease occurs in wooded areas with populations of mice anddeer which carry ticks, and can be contracted during any season of theyear. Related DisordersRheumatoid Arthritis is a disorder similar in appearance to Lymedisease. However, the pain in rheumatoid arthritis is usually morepronounced. Morning stiffness and symmetric joint swelling morecommonly occur in rheumatoid arthritis, and knotty lumps